Docket 24-809
Goldey
DecidedJun 30, 2025
Per Curiamdecision
Source: CourtListener.
Court blocks federal prisoners from suing prison officials for money damages over excessive force
Impact4/10
What it does
The Court held that the Bivens doctrine — a judge-made rule allowing people to sue federal officers for money damages when they violate constitutional rights — does not extend to Eighth Amendment excessive-force claims against federal prison officials. This means federal prisoners who allege they were physically abused by prison staff cannot use Bivens to sue for money damages in federal court. The ruling reverses the Fourth Circuit's decision and sends the case back to the lower court.
Who benefits
Federal prison officials and the Bureau of Prisons, who are shielded from money-damages lawsuits brought by prisoners alleging excessive physical force.
Who is affected
Federal prisoners who allege they were subjected to excessive physical force by prison staff and who seek money damages in federal court as a remedy.
Practical impact
Federal prisoners who claim prison staff used excessive physical force against them will not be able to sue those officials for money damages under Bivens in federal court. They must instead rely on whatever alternative remedial procedures exist — such as administrative grievance processes — even though those alternatives may be less effective than a direct damages lawsuit. Federal prison officials and the Bureau of Prisons face reduced legal exposure from this category of civil rights claims.
Majority reasoning
The Court reasoned that Bivens — the 1971 case that first allowed people to sue federal officers for money damages over constitutional violations — has only ever been extended to three narrow situations, none of which involved an Eighth Amendment excessive-force claim. The Court applied its two-step test: first, it found this case arises in a "new context" meaningfully different from those three prior situations; second, it found that "special factors" weigh against creating a new implied right to sue. Those special factors include the fact that Congress has repeatedly passed laws about prisoner lawsuits but has never created a money-damages remedy for this type of claim — a deliberate legislative choice the Court said it should respect. The Court also noted that expanding Bivens here could have harmful ripple effects on prison operations, which are already described in prior case law as an "inordinately difficult undertaking." Finally, the Court pointed out that federal prisoners already have other ways to seek relief, and even if those alternatives are less powerful than a damages lawsuit, their existence is enough to counsel against creating a new Bivens remedy. The Court emphasized that for 45 years it has consistently refused to extend Bivens to new contexts, and it declined to do so again here.
Constitutional question
Does the implied right to sue federal officers for damages — established in Bivens v. Six Unknown Fed. Narcotics Agents — extend to allow a federal prisoner to seek money damages against prison officials for alleged Eighth Amendment excessive-force violations?
Precedent changed
The ruling does not overrule any prior case, but it declines to extend Bivens v. Six Unknown Fed. Narcotics Agents, 403 U.S. 388 (1971), to Eighth Amendment excessive-force claims, consistent with the Court's post-1980 pattern of refusing to expand Bivens to new contexts.