Docket 23-1324
Perttu
DecidedJun 18, 2025
5-4decision
Source: CourtListener.
Prisoners may get jury trials when exhaustion dispute overlaps with merits of their lawsuit
Impact5/10
What it does
Under the Prison Litigation Reform Act, prisoners are normally required to complete a prison's internal grievance process before suing in federal court. The Court held that when the factual dispute over whether a prisoner exhausted that process is intertwined with the facts of the prisoner's underlying legal claim, the prisoner is entitled to have a jury — not a judge alone — resolve that dispute. The Court reached this result through statutory interpretation, finding that the PLRA's silence on the question means the ordinary federal court practice of sending intertwined factual disputes to a jury should apply.
Who benefits
Prisoners who file federal civil rights lawsuits and whose inability to complete the prison grievance process is tied to the same facts as their underlying claim — for example, prisoners who allege a prison official destroyed their grievance forms or threatened them to prevent filing.
Who is affected
Prison officials and state corrections departments who are defendants in prisoner civil rights lawsuits, who previously could have exhaustion disputes resolved by a judge alone and now must face jury resolution when those disputes overlap with the merits of the prisoner's claim.
Practical impact
When a prisoner's lawsuit includes a claim — such as a First Amendment retaliation claim — that shares the same key facts as the exhaustion dispute, the case can no longer be dismissed by a judge after a bench hearing; a jury must resolve those shared facts. This means prisoners in this situation have a stronger procedural protection against dismissal, and prison officials defending such suits will face the added burden and uncertainty of jury trials on threshold questions. Courts will need to identify when exhaustion and merits questions are sufficiently intertwined to trigger this rule and structure proceedings accordingly.
Majority — Roberts
Joined by: Sotomayor, Kagan, Gorsuch, Jackson
The majority held that the PLRA's exhaustion requirement is a standard affirmative defense subject to the ordinary rules of federal court procedure, and that the PLRA says nothing about whether a judge or jury should resolve exhaustion disputes. The Court reasoned that when a statute is silent on a procedural question, courts follow the established background practice — and the established practice in federal courts, confirmed in cases like Beacon Theatres v. Westover, is that factual disputes intertwined with the merits of a legal claim go to a jury, not a judge. The majority pointed to cases involving both mixed legal-and-equitable claims and subject matter jurisdiction, all of which established that judges cannot resolve a factual question that is shared with the merits of a legal claim, because doing so risks depriving the party of a jury trial on those very facts. In Richards's case, the same facts — whether Perttu destroyed his grievance forms — determined both whether he exhausted his remedies and whether Perttu violated his First Amendment right to file grievances, so those facts must go to a jury. The Court also rejected the argument that Richards could simply exhaust and refile, noting that prison grievance deadlines of just days or weeks will almost always have passed long before a case is dismissed.
Dissent reasoning
The dissent argued that the Court took a wrong turn by resolving the case on statutory grounds that no party ever raised, bypassing the actual constitutional question the Court agreed to decide. Justice Barrett wrote that Richards argued only a Seventh Amendment right to a jury trial — not that the PLRA itself required one — and that courts below addressed only the constitutional question, making the majority's statutory theory one that no court had ever considered. On the merits of that statutory theory, the dissent argued that the PLRA's silence means the opposite of what the majority says: in prior cases like Tull v. United States and Feltner v. Columbia Pictures, the Court consistently held that statutory silence does not confer a jury-trial right. The dissent also challenged the majority's reading of Beacon Theatres, arguing that case established only a flexible rule of judicial discretion about sequencing legal and equitable claims — not a hard rule requiring jury trials — and that its core concern was collateral estoppel, a problem not present here because exhaustion rulings dismissed without prejudice do not bind a later jury. Finally, the dissent argued the majority's rule is arbitrary: a prisoner whose exhaustion dispute overlaps with a First Amendment claim gets a jury, while an identically situated prisoner whose exhaustion dispute overlaps only with an Eighth Amendment claim does not, even though the underlying facts and hardships are the same.
Constitutional question
When a prisoner's failure to exhaust prison grievance procedures under the Prison Litigation Reform Act is disputed on the same facts as the merits of the prisoner's lawsuit, does the Seventh Amendment — or the PLRA itself — entitle the prisoner to a jury trial on the exhaustion question?
Precedent changed
The ruling affirms the Sixth Circuit and rejects the contrary rule from the Seventh Circuit (Pavey v. Conley, 544 F.3d 739 (2008)), which had held that judges may always resolve PLRA exhaustion disputes without a jury even when the facts overlap with the merits.